10 results
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis and Screening Testing
Common causes: 
 • Renal parenchymal disease
angiography • Primary ... test (with 24-h urine ... repaired) • Primary ... syndromes other than primary ... #table
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
Kidney Injury - AKI Workup ... Algorithm and Differential ... microscopy / urinary ... calcium Optional: urinary ... osmolarity If cause
Diagnostic algorithm for the workup of hypercalcemia. The diagnostic workup for patients presenting with hypercalcemia rests
Diagnostic algorithm ... from a 24-hour urine ... sensitivity for correct classification ... FHH and 12% of primary ... history should be used
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis
Poor Intake 
 - Starvation
 - Anorexia
GI Losses 
 - Vomiting / NG
Ureterosigmoidostomy Urinary ... and 2, but not type ... Low #Potassium #Table ... #Classification ... #Causes
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
inhibitors - Primary ... Low #Magnesium #Table ... #Classification ... #Causes #Workup
Causes of Nephrolithiasis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Radio-opaque - Calcium-containing - 90% of stones
Radiolucent - Non-calcium 10%
Causes of Nephrolithiasis ... of stones: • Urinary ... solubility: • Low urine ... Hypocitraturia • RTA Type ... #Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary ... Chloride Algorithm ... concentration can be used ... the indicated causes ... Metabolic #Alkalosis #Urinary
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium 
Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
Urinalysis & Urine ... classified 20 different types ... • Urinary casts ... Should not be used ... #UNa #casts #glucosuria
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... normal volume-based algorithm ... Urine Na+K / serum ... water intake (Primary ... differential #diagnosis #table
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... hyperkalemia when used ... Primary adrenal ... High #Potassium #Classification ... #Causes