15 results
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Losses: • Normal Acid-Base ... : Low intake • ... Metabolic acidosis ... Renal Losses: • Metabolic ... #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Differential Diagnosis Workup ... • Euvolemic (Low ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
Based Approach to Hyponatremia ... Hypothyroidism, Low ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... diagnosis #sodium #low ... #nephrology
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis - GOLDMARK

Glycols - ethylene and propylene glycol
Oxoproline
High Anion Gap Metabolic ... associated with short ... bowel syndrome ... underexcretion of acids ... GOLDMARK #mnemonic #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... poisoning Normal acid-base ... and potassium acid
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acid Base Disorders ... And BMP Normal Values ... D D-lactate (short ... bowel syndrome, ... ABG #bloodgas #Acid
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Hypertension - Workup ... previously stable values ... hypokalemia and metabolic ... Neurologic disorders ... #Hypertension #Workup
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
resistance • Metabolic ... Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid ... • Hyponatremia ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

What?
Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly
formed or don’t work ... occurs due to a low ... Pinpoint-sized red spots ... vitamin B12 or folic acid ... Workup: • Complete
Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Type A: Impaired O2 Delivery (DO2)
 • Decreased O2 Delivery: Hypotension
Ischemia, Compartment Syndrome ... Beta-Agonists, ↑ work ... PRIS), Valproic Acid ... Inborn Errors of Metabolism ... Bowel Syndrome,