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diagnosis differential nephrology potassium hyperkalemia hyponatremia alkalosis chloride classification hypocalcemia hypotonic intercellularshift metabolic metabolicacidosis nongap physiologic table urinary urine
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Decreased intake (rare cause in isolation) GI loss - Urine loss
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Gittelman's syndrome • Magnesium ... • Renal artery ... #Nephrology #Differential
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Extra-renal Losses ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm • Extravascular: Pancreatitis, surgery, acute phosphate intake and renal
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... phosphate intake and renal ... Hyperphosphatemia, High ... Hyperphosphatemia, Low ... #Causes #algorithm
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Algorithm Before ... potassium(K) & magnesium ... suggests extra-renal ... urinary losses: • High ... #low
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Reduced Excretion - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Reduced flow through distal nephron - TTKG
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Creatinine • Chronic ... renal failure ... IntercellularShift #Nephrology ... #Causes
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... normal volume-based algorithm ... diuresis can be high ... Present (Uosm ≥100): Hypovolemia ... #nephrology
Causes of Non-Gap Metabolic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Normal Anion Gap (<14) (Loss of Bicarbonate) -
Causes of Non-Gap ... Diarrhea • Fistula Renal ... RTA Type II • Carbonic ... Cell Problem - Low ... #Causes
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
Hyponatremia: • Hypovolemia ... Renal Failure, ... #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology #sodium ... #low
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... alkalosis • Normal/low ... the indicated causes ... settings, the urine sodium ... the excretion of sodium
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... the epithelial sodium ... the epithelial sodium ... Drug-associated: heparin, low-molecular-weight ... Differential #Diagnosis #High
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