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diagnosis hypokalemia pharmacology alkalosis aniongap comparison diuresis diuretics effects gitelman lr medications nongap normal ns pathophysiology rhabdomyolysis ringers saline table
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Extra-renal Losses ... Metabolic acidosis ... loss (Diarrhea) Renal ... #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Algorithm Cl- ... alkalosis • Normal/low ... the indicated causes ... of sodium and potassium ... #nephrology #differential
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
NOT lactic acid ... filtration - Renal ... stretch - decreased renal ... renal tissue perfusion ... Instability: - Renal
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... UNa > 20: • Renal ... Bicarbonaturia with renal ... or chronic renal ... #Causes #nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
oxoproline) • Renal ... Renal acidosis ... hyperkalemia (with renal ... #Acidosis #differential ... #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
HYPOTENSION → renal ... perfusion → renal ... Cast formation: Renal ... #causes #treatment ... #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
alkalosis • Normal or low ... • Hypokalemia (renal ... , Renal tubular ... acidosis (RTA)) ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... resistance • Metabolic ... Inhibitors of Renal ... #Diuretics #Renal ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
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