2118 results
Pharmacologic Management of Constipation 
Fiber Laxatives
 - Bran powder
 - Psyllium
 - Methylcellulose
 - Calcium polycarbophil
Surfactants - Docusate sodium ... - Mineral oil Osmotic ... Tap water - Sodium
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Diuretics • Osmotic ... Causes #nephrology #sodium
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
water loss, Serum Sodium ... administration • Osmotic
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypovolemic: Diuretics, osmotic ... Algorithm #nephrology #sodium
Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body water
the total body sodium ... osmolality, urine sodium ... released without an osmotic ... there is reduced sodium ... Measured urine sodium
Brugada syndrome with non-sustained VT; sodium channel blocking drugs (e.g. amio, procainamide) can be dangerous here!

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non-sustained VT; sodium ... Electrocardiogram #ECG #EKG #Clinical
SGLT2 Inhibitors - Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action: Inhibits SGLT2 (sodium/glucose cotransporter 2) in the proximal tubule,
Inhibits SGLT2 (sodium ... glucose (leading to osmotic
Management of SIADH
Treat underlying cause:
 • Causes can include pain, primary lung pathology, post-operative phenomenon, medications,
daily • Induces osmotic ... promoting passive sodium
Diuretics - Pharmacology

Thiazides diuretics:
 • Inhibit Na+ Cl- cotransporter in distal tubule
 • Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide,
Methazolamide Osmotic ... as no effect on sodium
Hypertonic Saline for Treatment of Hyponatremic Encephalopathy
1) 100 ml bolus of 3% NaCl over 10 min.
May repeat until clinical ... hours. 2) Serum sodium ... Increase in sodium