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Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Postobstructive diuresis ... , Osmotic diuresis ... mimics thiazide diuretic ... #Hypokalemia #Causes
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... concentrating defect: • Diuretics ... • Osmotic diuresis ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Diuretics and Agents ... Altitude sickness • Diuretic ... Symport (Loop Diuretics ... ; High-Ceiling Diuretics ... Kidney stones caused
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Urine chloride < 20 mmol/l - Chloride responsive (Chloride
Causes of Metabolic ... fibrosis • Remote diuretic ... resistant: • Current diuretic ... Metabolic #Alkalosis #Causes
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism Decreased GI Uptake - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
Loop and thiazide diuretics ... Hypokalemia - Osmotic diuresis ... Post-obstructive diuresis ... Classification #Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
loop or thiazide diuretics ... pressure: Active diuretic ... metabolic acidosis: Diabetic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings Causes of Hypercalcemia • Malignancy • Milk-alkali syndrome • Vitamin D toxicity •
EKG Findings Causes ... disease • Thiazide diuretics ... #Differential #Causes
Causes of Hypomagnesemia Redistribution: - IV glucose - Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis - IV hyperalimentation - Refeeding
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... Correction of diabetic ... Saline or osmotic diuresis ... Drugs: - Loop diuretics ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift • Recovery From DKA • Refeeding Syndrome • Acute Respiratory
Syndrome • Osmotic Diuresis ... Acetazolamide and Thiazide Diuretics ... endocrinology #causes
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