16 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... )-alkali syndrome ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (21-OHD): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Autosomal recessive mutation in CYP21A2 coding for the enzyme 21-OHase
enzyme 21-OHase causes ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... Hirsutism & acne • Infertility ... #pathophysiology ... #genetics #endocrinology
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... high WBC count cause ... Dehydration • Symptoms ... : • Pathophysiology ... hydration - Hyperkalemia
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... #Hypercalcemia ... #Causes #endocrinology
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
survival is 93-95% Pathophysiology ... fibrosis. 4) Calcium ... hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... mediators such as hypercalcaemia ... patients) and/or hypercalcuria
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... : • Triad of symptoms ... urine • Other symptoms ... potassium and calcium ... Diagnosis #Management #causes
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... low circulating calcium ... Genetic defects in calcium-sensing ... Malabsorption syndrome ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Growth Hormone Excess - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Acromegaly and gigantism share the same pathophysiology
• Other rare causes ... Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms ... #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Myoedema in Hypothyroidism on Physical Exam

Hypothyroidism is a clinical syndrome resulting from the production, secretion or
is a clinical syndrome ... varied clinical symptoms ... reflex hammer, caused ... delayed uptake of calcium ... video #neurology #endocrinology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary

Trauma:
 • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury
Exertional:
 •
iniury, Compartment syndrome ... Dermatomyositis) AKI - Pathophysiology ... potassium and calcium ... Dialysis for severe hyperkalemia ... Management #Summary #causes