11 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... )-alkali syndrome ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... high WBC count cause ... : • Pathophysiology ... hydration - Hyperkalemia ... #TLS #diagnosis
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (21-OHD): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Autosomal recessive mutation in CYP21A2 coding for the enzyme 21-OHase
enzyme 21-OHase causes ... Hirsutism & acne • Infertility ... #21HydroxylaseDeficiency #21OHD ... #pathophysiology ... #genetics #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... #Hypercalcemia ... #Causes #endocrinology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... - Compartment syndrome ... HIV, Influenza, TSS ... potassium and calcium ... Diagnosis #Management #causes
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary

Trauma:
 • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury
Exertional:
 •
HIV, Influenza, TSS ... Dermatomyositis) AKI - Pathophysiology ... potassium and calcium ... Dialysis for severe hyperkalemia ... Management #Summary #causes
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... low circulating calcium ... Genetic defects in calcium-sensing ... Malabsorption syndrome ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
survival is 93-95% Pathophysiology ... fibrosis. 4) Calcium ... hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... mediators such as hypercalcaemia ... patients) and/or hypercalcuria
Summary of Oncologic Emergencies

Neutropenic fever:
- Fever + ANC < 500 → start cefepime ± vancomycin (if
antibiotics TLS ... low Ca - q8 h TLS ... Treat underlying cause ... plasmapheresis Hypercalcemia ... malignancy: - Calcium
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis
Decreased calcium absorption
 • Vitamin D deficiency
    -
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... Diagnosis Decreased calcium ... Malabsorption Syndromes ... Increased calcium ... #endocrinology