13 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
histoplasmosis) • Milk (calcium ... )-alkali syndrome ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... leukapheresis - TLS ... : • Pathophysiology ... hydration - Hyperkalemia ... #TLS #diagnosis
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... - Calcium Sequestration ... - DiGeorge Syndrome ... Diagnosis #Management #endocrinology ... #differential #
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... Poisoning #Hypocalcemia ... #Differential # ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential ... HIV, Influenza, TSS ... : • Triad of symptoms ... urine • Other symptoms ... potassium and calcium
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... #Causes #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (21-OHD): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Autosomal recessive mutation in CYP21A2 coding for the enzyme 21-OHase
Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... : • Hyperkalemia ... Hirsutism & acne • Infertility ... #21HydroxylaseDeficiency #21OHD #pathophysiology ... #genetics #endocrinology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary

Trauma:
 • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury
Exertional:
 •
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential ... HIV, Influenza, TSS ... Dermatomyositis) AKI - Pathophysiology ... potassium and calcium ... Dialysis for severe hyperkalemia
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
survival is 93-95% Pathophysiology ... fibrosis. 4) Calcium ... hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... mediators such as hypercalcaemia ... patients) and/or hypercalcuria
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
low circulating calcium ... Genetic defects in calcium-sensing ... Malabsorption syndrome ... #Causes #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology