54 results
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)
• At least 3 different P wave morphologies: 
• Rate 100-180
• Irregular 
Etiology
Multifocal Atrial ... morphologies: • Rate ... • Hypoxia • Pulmonary ... Management • Oxygen ... #Multifocal #Atrial
Hypoxemia vs Hypoxia
Hypoxemia - Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) is below normal
Hypoxia - Insufficient oxygen
pressure of arterial ... oxygen (PaO2) is ... - Insufficient oxygen ... hypoxia #hypoxemia #differential ... diagnosis #comparison #pulmonary
Right Heart Catheterization Cheat Sheet: Interpretation of Pressures and Waveforms 
Direct measurements
 ● Central venous pressure
(PAp) ● Pulmonary ... – CVP]/CO) ● Pulmonary ... SVI = CI/heart rate ... SVI x 0.136) ● Oxygen ... Hb x SaO2) ● Oxygen
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
dissolved in arterial ... content of arterial ... Hypoxemia #summary #pulmonary ... #differential # ... diagnosis #causes #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypoxemia- Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Ventilation/perfusion Mismatch
 • Airway Disease (Asthma, COPD)
 • Vascular (PE*)
 •
of Hypoxemia- Differential ... Intracardiac Right ... Defect ** • Atrial ... Right to Left Shunt ... Hypoxemia #Hypoxia #Differential
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Left Shift (↓ O2 unloading to tissue), Left = Lower:
 • ↓ H+ (↑
Oxygen-Hemoglobin ... Temperature Right ... MatthewHoMD #Oxygen ... Dissociation #Curve #pathophysiology ... #pulmonary #respiratory
Causes of Diastolic Murmurs - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Early Diastolic:
 • Aortic Regurgitation
 • Pulmonary Regurgitation (Graham-Steell
Diastolic Murmurs - Differential ... Regurgitation • Pulmonary ... Flint Murmur) • Atrial ... Myxoma Prolapse Late ... Murmurs #Cardiology #Differential
Atrial Fibrillation Overview

Symptoms:
Palpitations, light-headedness, dizziness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, chest pain, near-syncope, syncope.

1. Why?
Cardiac:
• Valvular heart disease
•
Atrial Fibrillation ... Palpitations, light-headedness ... Noncardiac: • Pulmonary ... Rate Control • ... Anticoagulation #Atrial
Oxygen Delivery Equation
DO2 = CO x {(1.39 x Hb x sO2) + (PaO2 x 0.03)}
DO2 =
Oxygen Delivery ... x 0.03)} DO2 = Rate ... hemoglobin PaO2 = Partial ... Delivery #Equation #pathophysiology ... #pulmonary #apples
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS) 

HPS-differential diagnosis:
1. Pulmonary vasculature
2. Diseases of the lung parenchyma
3. Pleura and diaphragm

HPS-diagnosis:
1. Patients
(HPS) HPS-differential ... Pulmonary vasculature ... Alveolar-arterial ... oxygen gradient ... HPS #hepatology #pulmonary