50 results
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)
• At least 3 different P wave morphologies: 
• Rate 100-180
• Irregular 
Etiology
Multifocal Atrial ... morphologies: • Rate ... • Hypoxia • Pulmonary ... Management • Oxygen ... #Multifocal #Atrial
Right Heart Catheterization Cheat Sheet: Interpretation of Pressures and Waveforms 
Direct measurements
 ● Central venous pressure
(PAp) ● Pulmonary ... – CVP]/CO) ● Pulmonary ... SVI = CI/heart rate ... SVI x 0.136) ● Oxygen ... Hb x SaO2) ● Oxygen
Causes of Hypoxemia- Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Ventilation/perfusion Mismatch
 • Airway Disease (Asthma, COPD)
 • Vascular (PE*)
 •
Arterial Hypertension ... Intracardiac Right ... Defect ** • Atrial ... Right to Left Shunt ... Hypoventilation Syndrome
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Left Shift (↓ O2 unloading to tissue), Left = Lower:
 • ↓ H+ (↑
Oxygen-Hemoglobin ... Temperature Right ... MatthewHoMD #Oxygen ... Dissociation #Curve #pathophysiology ... #pulmonary #respiratory
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS) 

HPS-differential diagnosis:
1. Pulmonary vasculature
2. Diseases of the lung parenchyma
3. Pleura and diaphragm

HPS-diagnosis:
1. Patients
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome ... Pulmonary vasculature ... Alveolar-arterial ... oxygen gradient ... Hepatopulmonary #Syndrome
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
dissolved in arterial ... hemoglobin in arterial ... content of arterial ... Hypoxemia #summary #pulmonary ... diagnosis #causes #pathophysiology
Atrial Fibrillation Overview

Symptoms:
Palpitations, light-headedness, dizziness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, chest pain, near-syncope, syncope.

1. Why?
Cardiac:
• Valvular heart disease
•
Atrial Fibrillation ... Palpitations, light-headedness ... Noncardiac: • Pulmonary ... Rate Control • ... Anticoagulation #Atrial
Oxygen Delivery Equation
DO2 = CO x {(1.39 x Hb x sO2) + (PaO2 x 0.03)}
DO2 =
Oxygen Delivery ... x 0.03)} DO2 = Rate ... hemoglobin PaO2 = Partial ... Delivery #Equation #pathophysiology ... #pulmonary #apples
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN ... obesity-hypoventilation syndrome ... with supplemental oxygen ... hepatopulmonary syndrome ... shunting (eg, atrial
Perform computations online at:
ScyMed.com
6th ED
ICU-card
«ICU, Formulas & Drugs»
HEMODYNAMIC PATTERNS
Condition
SAP
CVP

PAP PCWP

CO C(a-v)02 PVR

SVR
Hypovolemic shock
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↑
↑
↑
Cardiogenic shock
↓
1
↑
1

1
↑

Septic shock
↓
↓
↓
↓
↑
↓
↓
↓
Cardiac Tamponade
.
↑
↑
1
↓

→
↑
RV
→ ↓ → →↑ Pulmonary ... +2PDP)/3 Mean Pulmonary ... Cardiac Work Index, Right ... Stroke Work Index, Right ... = 1.36 cmH20 PULMONARY