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diagnosis differential algorithm management pharmacology toxicology treatment alkalosis anticoagulation aspirin cardiology chloride citrate comparison digoxin effects hyperkalemia hypokalemia hypotonic lactated
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology 1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
Pathophysiology 1) Na/K ... intracellular calcium causes ... effect of digoxin toxicity ... hypokalemia (or low ... limits so digoxin toxicity
Salicylate Toxicity - Diagnosis and Management Consider if: 1) Patient is hot and altered 2) You see tachypnea with
Salicylate Toxicity ... no respiratory cause ... High Lactate, Low ... Potassium, Low ... 4.5 mmol/L 4) K
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... wasting from other causes ... consumption • Low ... - Metabolic acidosis ... #nephrology #low
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... algorithm Urine Na+K ... can be high or low ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... trial • Minimal K ... shift • Saline Causes ... decreased renal blood flow ... • Saline May Cause
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... the indicated causes ... the excretion of sodium ... and potassium acid ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
only if no clear cause ... Elimination (see Table ... ) • Low K diet ... Management #Treatment #potassium ... #nephrology #K
Citrate Anticoagulation Toxicity Hypernatremia (HyperNa): - Citrate solutions may have ↑ sodium content and should be paired
Hypernatremia ... solutions may have ↑ sodium ... Anion-Gap Metabolic Acidosis ... dysfunction or low ... #toxicology #nephrology
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