87 results
Increased Urination - Differential Diagnosis Framework - Increased Volume / Frequency
 • Increased osmotic load (Increased
load (Na, urea, mannitol ... urine (usually low ... kidney disease, Loop ... Increased intake (low ... /Inflammation: Urinary
Diagnostic Approach to Hyponatremia
Box A:
 • Normo/hyperosmolar Hyponatremia: Glucose, Mannitol, Glycine, Contrast media, Maltose
 • Pseudohyponatremia:
Hyponatremia: Glucose, Mannitol ... Confusion Box C: Primary ... Polydipsia, Low ... Hyponatremia #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Summary of Diuretic Agents 
Subclass, Drug, Mechanism of Action, Effects, Clinical Applications, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interaction
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
empagliflozin LOOP ... DIURETICS • Mannitol ... Pharmacology #summary #table
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm ... Hyperglycemia, Mannitol ... (UOsm < 100): Primary ... polydipsia, Low ... #Hyponatremia #Algorithm
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Normal Acid-Base: Low ... secreting tumor, Primary ... • HTN Absent: Loop ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
Tubulointerstitial diseases - Urinary ... High Renin - Primary ... deficiency - Heparin/ LMW ... Ketoconazole Low ... #Hyperkalemia #Algorithm
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... scheme) e.g., mannitol ... , glucosuria Low ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride
 • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... - Urinary Chloride ... Remote use of loop ... - Normal/low ... #causes #urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... starts by measuring urinary ... either secondary or primary ... Clinicians should also look ... differential #diagnosis #algorithm
Causes of Primary and Secondary Amenorrhea - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Amenorrhea - No onset of menarche
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Etiology - High FSH, Low ... progesterone challenge, Low ... FSH, Low estrogen ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm