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diagnosis differential nephrology algorithm management rheumatology causes hyponatremia hypernatremia hypokalemia pathophysiology potassium table vasculitis workup aids associated barre behcet cardiology
Mechanisms of nephron damage in cardiorenal syndrome • Increased renal interstitial pressure • Hypoperfusion • Reduced
in cardiorenal syndrome ... blood flow • ... hypertrophy • Sodium ... #cardiorenal #syndrome ... pathophysiology #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
• Euvolemic (Low ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses •
Na <20: Extra-renal ... Hypothyroidism, Low ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... algorithm #diagnosis #sodium ... #low #nephrology
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration. Step 2. Check plasma osmolality. NORMAL PLASMA
Repeat the sodium ... HYPERVOLEMIC • CHF ... • nephrotic syndrome ... • renal failure ... Workup #Algorithm #Nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
anemia) • G-CSF ... • Refeeding syndrome ... vomiting) • Low ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #low #potassium
NINDS Diagnostic Criteria for Guillain Barre Syndrome Features Required for Guillain-Barré Syndrome: • Progressive muscle weakness
Guillain Barre Syndrome ... Guillain-Barré Syndrome ... , Mild sensory symptoms ... Miller Fisher syndrome-Bickerstaff ... Guillain #Barre #Syndrome
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
Sodium loss (diuretics ... can be high or low ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... Primary polydipsia), Low ... #nephrology
Behçet's Syndrome Systemic disease associated with inflammation of multiple organs, small-vessel vasculitis and large-vessel vasculopathy Epidemiology: • Young
Behçet's Syndrome ... occlusion, Budd-Chiari syndrome ... tests in Behcet syndrome ... adenopathy (PFAPA) syndrome ... hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) What? Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly
Myelodysplastic Syndromes ... Myelodysplastic syndromes ... age 70 years Symptoms ... (CML) • Felty Syndrome ... Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by: • Headache • Seizures • Altered mental
Encephalopathy Syndrome ... Clinico-Radiological Syndrome ... syndrome by 24 ... Paraneoplastic syndrome ... Encephalopathy #Syndrome
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