15 results
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
diarrhea / IBD Renal ... Loses - Medications ... - Transient renal ... - Familial renal ... - Gitelman
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Algorithm Extra-renal ... loss (Diarrhea) Renal ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... , Gitelman syndrom ... #low #nephrology
Hypomagnesemia - Differential Diagnosis
Renal Causes of Hypomagnesemia - Familial:
Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome, Isolated recessive hypomagnesemia,
Diagnosis Renal ... and Gitelman syndrome ... hypomagnesemia Renal ... Hypercalcemia, Post renal ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift:
 • Alkalosis
 • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation 
 • Erythropoiesis
• Refeeding syndrome ... Renal Losses ... Non-renal losses ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #low #potassium
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
gastrointestinal K loss • Renal ... hypokalemia • Renal ... , Gitelman's syndrome ... algorithm #causes #nephrology ... #potassium
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... • Hypokalemia (renal ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... , Renal tubular ... #nephrology #management
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Regulating Renal ... Inhibitors of Renal ... #Renal #Excretion ... #Diuresis #Nephrology ... Medications #Table
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
suggests extra-renal ... Alkalosis: Emesis, Diuretics ... , Gitelman syndrome ... diagnosis #Algorithm #differential ... #potassium #nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
after renal tubule ... generally indicates a renal ... furosemide-like lesion) • Gitelman ... other • Severe potassium ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
resistance Impaired Renal ... deficiency • Renal ... Type IV RTA • Renal ... Medications 2. ... #high #nephrology