1035 results
Crystalloid pH, Contents and Costs Compared
Plasma	pH 7.4
Normal Saline	pH 5.5*	
Ringer’s Lactate pH 6.5	
Plasmalyte A pH 6.5	
Coca-cola pH
Crystalloid pH, ... Compared Plasma pH ... Normal Saline pH ... Comparison #Table #Pharmacology ... LactatedRingers #Plasmalyte #Pharmacology
Lactulose: Mechanism of Action in Hepatic Encephalopathy
Lactulose → ↑ Lactic Acid, Acetic Acid → ↓ pH
Acetic Acid → ↓ pH ... #Lactulose #pharmacology
IV Fluids - Comparison Table
Fluid - pH - Osm - Na - Cl - Other
 •
Table Fluid - pH ... Comparison #Table #pharmacology
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
273 mOsmol/L • pH ... 308 mOsmol/L • pH ... Ringers (LR) • pH ... • pH 4 to 7.5 ... NS #comparison #pharmacology
Antibiotic Tissue Penetration

Blood Brain Barrier: Penicilins (IV), 3rd & 4th generation Cephalosporins (IV), Meropenem, TMP-SMX, Metronidazole,
inactivated by low pH ... #Penetration #pharmacology
Characteristics of Commonly Used Phosphate Binders 
Aluminum 
 - Potent and effective 
 - Useful for
effective over wide pH ... effective over wide pH ... Table #Comparison #Pharmacology
Nephrolithiasis: Medications Associated with Renal Stones
 • Hypercalciuria: Furosemide, Topiramate, Vitamin D/Calcium, Glucocorticoids
 • Precipitation of
Change of urinary pH ... Renal #Stones #pharmacology
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis - Metabolic + Respiratory Acidosis + Alkalosis

pH ↓ pCO2 ↓ -
+ Alkalosis pH ... Metabolic acidosis pH ... Metabolic alkalosis pH ... Respiratory alkalosis pH
Renal Tubular Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased Serum K, Urine pH < 5.5 - Proximal RTA
Decreased
Serum K, Urine pH ... Serum K, Urine pH ... Acidosis • Urine pH ... obstruction • Urine pH
Non-Invasive Ventilation (BiPAP) Algorithm - Indications and Contraindications
Indications for NIV:
 • COPD - pH <7.35, pCO2
NIV: • COPD - pH ... pCO2 < 6.5 or pH ... • Obesity - pH ... • Relative: pH ... <7.15 (pH <7.25