1846 results
Hypocalcemia Laboratory Evaluation

Serum levels of PTH, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate between
hypocalcemia: - Hypoparathyroidism ... activating mutation - Parathyroid ... Chronic kidney disease ... Laboratory #Levels #Hyperparathyroidism
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Hypercalcemia Parathyroid ... ) Parathyroid hormone–independent ... Neoplasms - Parathyroid ... Granulomatous disease ... Other endocrine diseases
Workup of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High or Normal PTH:
 • Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid adenoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia,
Normal PTH: • Hyperparathyroidism ... : Parathyroid adenoma ... Skeletal metastatic disease ... disorders, Paget's disease ... Granulomatous diseases
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... • Parathyroid ... Hyperthyroidism • Paget's disease ... Chronic kidney disease ... • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism ... levels Autoimmune disease ... - Autoimmune parathyroid ... removal Renal disease ... - Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Low Serum Mg: GI losses, Renal losses, Alcoholism, Malnutrition, Drug-Induced
Elevated - Secondary Hyperparathyroidism ... Inappropriately Normal/Low - Hypoparathyroidism ... Destruction of parathyroid ... , infiltrative disease
Pseudogout: pathogenesis and clinical findings
 - Idiopathic (vast majority of cases) -> Mechanism unknown
 - Familial
production - Hyperparathyroidism ... Incr levels of parathyroid ... Pseudogout #CPPD #Disease
Radial Fracture Due to Parathyroid Carcinoma- ...A plain radiograph of the left arm showed a diaphyseal
Fracture Due to Parathyroid ... diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism ... with an intact parathyroid ... cause of primary hyperparathyroidism ... radial #fracture #hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hepatobiliary Disease ... NormaI PTH • Hypoparathyroidism ... Low PTH • Hypoparathyroidism ... Chronic Kidney Disease ... • Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL)
Neuromuscular manifestations 
 • Tremor, tetany, seizures 
 • Weakness
Hypocalcemia • Hypoparathyroidism ... • Parathyroid