141 results
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
hypomagnesemia • Metabolic ... Hypochloremic metabolic ... Renal tubular acidosis ... diagnosis #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Low intake • Metabolic ... acidosis: Gl tract ... Renal Losses: • Metabolic ... acidosis: Proximal
“H’s & T’s“ - The reversible causes of Cardiac Arrest 
Hypovolemia, Hypoxia/Hypoxemia, Hydrogen Ion Excess (Acidosis),
Hydrogen Ion Excess (Acidosis ... ), Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia ... diagnosis #arrest #management
Renal Tubular Disorders

 • Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Type 1)
 • Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Type
Renal Tubular Acidosis ... Renal Tubular Acidosis ... (Type 2) • Hyperkalemic ... Renal Tubular Acidosis ... #Types #pathophysiology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Non-anion Gap Metabolic ... Hypokalemia ... Hyperkalemia ... Drug-induced hyperkalemia ... aniongap #NonGap #Metabolic
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis - GOLDMARK

Glycols - ethylene and propylene glycol
Oxoproline
High Anion Gap Metabolic ... Acidosis (HAGMA ... during hypoxic metabolism ... with short bowel syndrome ... #Acidosis #HAGMA
Causes of HyperKalemia - Differential Diagnosis
Increased extracellular K+:
 • Tissue injury
 • Hemolysis
 • Rhabdomyolysis
 •
Causes of HyperKalemia ... • Tumor lysis syndrome ... • Metabolic acidosis ... MCW_Nephrology #HyperKalemia
Compelling and Possible Contraindications to Antihypertensive Drugs
Diuretics (thiazides)
 - Gout
 - Metabolic syndrome, Glucose intolerance, Pregnancy,
) - Gout - Metabolic ... syndrome, Glucose ... , Hypokalemia, Erectile ... grade 2-3) - Metabolic ... syndrome, Glucose
Urine Electrolyte Interpretation - AKI, Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia and Non-Gap Metabolic Acidosis

#Urine #Electrolytes #Interpretation #ULytes #AKI #FENa
Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia ... and Non-Gap Metabolic ... Acidosis #Urine
Calcium Metabolism and management 

Satyendra Dhar MD, @DharSaty

#calcium #metabolism #hypocalcemia #hypercalcemia #albumin
Calcium Metabolism ... and management ... DharSaty #calcium #metabolism ... #hypocalcemia #hypercalcemia