38 results
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Pathophysiology ... H+ secretion → Hypokalemia ... Metabolic alkalosis ... #Syndrome #Pathophysiology ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL)
Neuromuscular manifestations 
 • Tremor, tetany, seizures 
 • Weakness
dysrhythmias Hypokalemia ... Abnormalities of calcium metabolism ... • Hypocalcemia ... Hypomagnesemia #Signs #Symptoms ... #Diagnosis
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Low intake • Metabolic ... Renal Losses: • Metabolic ... Bartter syndrome, Gitelman
Hyperaldosteronism Testing Algorithm
INDICATIONS FOR TESTING:
Suspicion of primary aldosteronism - Manifestations: hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
ORDER: Aldosterone/Renin Activity
hypertension, hypokalemia ... , metabolic alkalosis ... Hyperaldosteronism #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #diagnosis
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... Disease (CKD) - Metabolism ... PTH Signaling #Hypocalcemia ... #Diagnosis #Management ... #endocrinology
Diabetes Insipidus vs Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) - Comparison Table

Diabetes Insipidus - Inadequate ADH
SIADH -
Comparison #Table #Pathophysiology ... #Signs #Symptoms ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation ... Pressure: - Metabolic ... Bartter syndrome, Gitelman ... Hippurate - Metabolic ... #diagnosis #Algorithm
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... hypomagnesemia • Metabolic ... Hypochloremic metabolic ... #Syndrome #diagnosis ... nephrology #management #pathophysiology
Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA) 

Pathophysiology of MALA
 - Metformin interferes with the activity of the
Acidosis (MALA) Pathophysiology ... use in cellular metabolism ... Diagnosis of MALA ... also includes symptoms ... Toxicity #Toxicology #Diagnosis
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Vitamin D metabolic ... #Causes #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential