23 results
Causes of HyperKalemia - Differential Diagnosis
Increased extracellular K+:
 • Tissue injury
 • Hemolysis
 • Rhabdomyolysis
 •
Causes of HyperKalemia ... K+: • Tissue injury ... • Metabolic acidosis ... glycosides • High acute ... blockers - MCW Nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Renal failure (acute ... kidney disease Ill ... #differential #diagnosis ... #causes #nephrology
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
Acute Kidney Injury ... and Differential Diagnosis ... osmolarity If cause ... clinical context and signs ... #nephrology #causes
Localizing Extraocular Movement Disorders
 • CN Ill (Oculomotor) Nerve Palsy 
 • CN IV (Trochlear) Nerve
Disorders • CN Ill ... Fasciculus (MLF) Iniury ... Skew Deviation Casey ... #Localization #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #ocular
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
the critically ill ... liver or renal injury ... before beginning treatment ... cardiac output - Acute ... peritonitis - Acute
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
- Differential Diagnosis ... sweat Heat Injury ... → Syncope • Signs ... lactic acidosis ... #causes #stroke
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... , rhabdo/crush injury ... only if no clear cause ... #Hyperkalemia #Diagnosis ... #potassium #nephrology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
Hypertension Stage 1: Mild ... vasoconstrictive • Acute ... hyalinization causes ... pathophysiology #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #signs
DKA DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA:
1. Serum glucose >250 mg/dL
2. Arterial pH <7.3
3. Serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L
4. At least
DKA DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA ... physiologic stress or acute ... Common, early signs ... Treatment with IV ... and acidosis has
Photophobia and Headache - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Why?
• The coexistence of photophobia and headache suggests the potential
Traumatic brain injury ... meningeal irritation signs ... headache: - Acute ... #ophthalmology ... #Neurology