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diagnosis differential algorithm hyperkalemia treatment hypokalemia low metabolic alkalosis blood hematology hypernatremia product reactions rhabdomyolysis summary abg acid acidbase acidosis
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... perspiration Renal ... • Osmotic diuresis ... #nephrology #sodium ... #high
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
Fluids Shift potassium ... (if preserved renal ... function) - Loop diuretic ... #Hyperkalemia #management ... #potassium #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
gastrointestinal K loss • Renal ... hypokalemia • Renal ... Ureterosigmoidostomy, Diabetic ... Post-hypercapnia • Diuretics ... #nephrology #potassium
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Altitude sickness • Diuretic ... irrigation • Management ... ; High-Ceiling Diuretics ... Kidney stones caused ... #Diuresis #Nephrology
Diuresis in Critical Care - Achieving a Negative Fluid Balance Advantages Of A Negative Fluid Balance: •
TO PO • USE HIGH ... , address diuretic ... ) to normalize Potassium ... Early nephrologv ... Fluid #Balance #management
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
• K sparing diuretics ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... insufficiency/Failure • SLE ... #potassium #high ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Syndrome • HTN, High ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... Correction of diabetic ... steatorrhea) • Renal ... , Potassium depletion ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
• K sparing diuretics ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... insufficiency/Failure • SLE ... #potassium #high ... #nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Ketoacidosis: Diabetic ... Potassium-sparing ... diuretics (amiloride ... #nephrology
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