11 results
Blurry Vision - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Anatomical Approach to Eye Disease:
1. Lids/Lashes
2. Extraocular Muscles/Motility
3. Conjunctiva/Sclera
4. Cornea
5. Anterior
Ocular Adverse Effects ... degeneration • Diabetic ... - Retinal vein occlusions ... • Sjögren’s syndrome ... (Retinal vein occlusions
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells

Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter
Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter
Bartter
Epithelial Cells Renal ... Cystinuria - Amino acid ... tubular acidosis ... ATPase Nephrogenic diabetes ... Defects #Kidney #Nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
of hypokalemia starts ... tubular acidosis ... Ureterosigmoidostomy, Diabetic ... , glycyrrhizic acid ... algorithm #causes #nephrology
Mechanisms of nephron damage in cardiorenal syndrome
 • Increased renal interstitial pressure
 • Hypoperfusion
 • Reduced
in cardiorenal syndrome ... activities • Diuretic ... release • ↓ Cl ... #cardiorenal #syndrome ... pathophysiology #nephrology
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis - GOLDMARK

Glycols - ethylene and propylene glycol
Oxoproline
associated with short ... bowel syndrome ... underexcretion of acids ... Ketoacidosis - diabetic ... GOLDMARK #mnemonic #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... metabolic acidosis • Diabetic ... and potassium acid ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome ... Inhibitors of Na+K+2Cl ... Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid ... • Nephrogenic diabetes ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acid Base Disorders ... (AG) = {Na - (Cl ... bowel syndrome, ... Ketoacidosis (starvation, diabetic ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology
Metabolic Causes of Kidney Stones in Children
 • Calcium Oxalate: Primary Hyperoxaluria type 1-3, Secondary Hyperoxaluria
type A/B • Uric Acid ... Phosphate: Distal Renal ... Tubular Acidosis ... (Oculo-Cerebro-Renal ... Stones #pediatrics #nephrology
Orbital Apex Syndrome secondary to Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)

This 81 yo male was referred to our
Orbital Apex Syndrome ... treated by his PCP ... acetate to help with ocular ... ophthalmology #physicalexam ... #neurology