13 results
Hyperkalemia shortens repolarization; changes in the T wave provide the earliest clues to hyperpotassemia.
 - At
Hyperkalemia shortens ... repolarization; changes ... – a sinusoidal waveform ... #EKG #ECG #Changes ... #Progression #Table
Potassium-Binding Agents to Treat Hyperkalemia
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma):
 • Mechanism: Preferentially captures K in exchange for
• Mechanism: Exchanges ... constipation, diarrhea, nausea ... ); nausea, vomiting ... patients sensitive to high ... #pharmacology #table
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... Food - Avoid in CRF ... kiwis, mangoes, oranges ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... Food - Avoid in CRF ... kiwis, mangoes, oranges ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Reduced Excretion - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Reduced flow through distal nephron - TTKG
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Low EABV (e.g., CHF ... • NSAlDs #Hyperkalemia ... #Causes
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Weakness, cramping, nausea ... Na delivery): CHF ... only if no clear cause ... Elimination (see Table ... K-Binding Resins - Exchanges
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... normal volume-based algorithm ... diuresis can be high ... : Hypovolemia, Hypervolemia ... differential #diagnosis #table
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
Epidemiology 1) High ... -60y (hormonal changes ... hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... symptoms are not caused ... Self-limiting, chronic but stable
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... Renal Epithelial Channels ... #Medications #Table
Preoperative Risk Evaluation

Major Pre-Op Questions:
1. Does the patient have any modifiable risk factors that could be
disease b) CHF ... ASA class If high ... event, follow ACC algorithm ... Change in clinical ... of Surgery: • High