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Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Diagnosis, and Features ... syndrome - Acute ... and chronic kidney ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Typical Clinical Features of Major Causes of Acute Chest Discomfort

#ChestPain #Features #Signs #Symptoms #Comparison #Table #Characteristics
Typical Clinical Features ... of Major Causes ... of Acute Chest ... #ChestPain #Features ... Symptoms #Comparison #Table
Causes of Cough and Hemoptysis
Acute Inflammation 
 - Laryngitis 
 - Tracheobronchitis 
 - Mycoplasma and
Causes of Cough ... and Hemoptysis Acute ... #Chronic #Cough ... #Differential #Causes ... #Table
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) 
Type 1 - Failure of secretion
Type 2 - Bicarbonate wasting
Type 4 -
Mixed* - Inherited carbonic ... with proximal features ... and high salt diet ... Acidosis #RTA #types #classification
Hepatitis B Virus Serology and Interpretation
HBsAg - Anti-HBs - Anti-HBc - HBeAg - Anti-HBe
 - Acute
- Anti-HBe - Acute ... hepatitis B - Chronic ... viral replication (high ... (about 10% of cases ... ) - Acute hepatitis
Diseases of the Biliary Tract
Asymptomatic gallstones - Asymptomatic
Symptomatic gallstones - Biliary pain
Cholesterolosis of gallbladder - Usually
Adenomyomatosis - May cause ... asymptomatic, high ... gallbladder cancer Acute ... quadrant pain, nausea ... , Murphy sign Chronic
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... or chronic renal ... #Causes #nephrology
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
inhibitors Other causes ... transplant - SLE High ... Diabetes mellitus - Acute ... #Hyperkalemia #Algorithm ... #differential #causes
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... of High-anion Gap ... Renal failure (acute ... and chronic) Causes ... Chronic progressive
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Exclude:
1. Causes of acute diarrhea
2. Lactose intolerance
3.
Algorithm for the ... Evaluation of Chronic ... Causes of acute ... 1000 g/24 h) #Chronic ... Diarrhea #management #algorithm