Dizziness - Central and Peripheral Causes - Differential Diagnosis Central Causes: • Cerebrovascular: vertebrobasilar, TIA, Wallenburg, Cerebellar infarction and hemorrhage, Brainstem ischemia • Inflammation: Meningitis, Cerebellar abscess • Trauma: cerebellar contusion • Tumours: CPA, posterior fossa, glomous • Toxic • Vestibular Migraine • Multiple Sclerosis • Chiari Malformation Peripheral Causes: • Meniere’s • Labyrinthitis • Acoustic Neuroma • BPPV • Vestibular Neuronitis • Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome) • Labyrinthine concussion • Perilymphatic fistula • Semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome • Cogan's syndrome • Recurrent vestibulopathy • Aminoglycoside toxicity • Otitis media - Amy Chung, MD, MSc @AmyChung #Dizziness #Central #Peripheral #Causes #Differential #Diagnosis #algorithm

Causes of Hepatomegaly and Splenomegaly in children #Hepatomegaly #Splenomegaly #Hepatosplenomegaly #HSM #Differential #Causes #Peds #Pediatrics

Causes of Extravascular and Intravascular Hemolysis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extravascular - Spleen and RES-mediated hemolysis - Immune-Mediated • Warm AIHA • Cold AIHA • Alloimmune delayed HTR • Drug-induced AIHA - Abnormal Hgb & Hgb Defects • Thalassemia • Sickle cell • Unstable Hgb - Membrane Defects • Hereditary spherocytosis • Hereditary elliptocytosis - RBC Enzyme Defects • G6PD deficiency • PK deficiency Intravascular - Hemolysis within circulation - Infections • Malaria • Babesiosis • C. perfringens - Complement-Mediated • Cold AIHA • PCH • PNH • Drug-induced immune-complex hemolytic anemia • Acute HTR - Mechanical Shearing • MAHA (TTP, DIC, HUS) • Prosthetic heart valves • Atriovenous malformations #Hemolysis #Intravascular #Extravascular #Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes #Hematology

Causes of Generalized Edema - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Overfill (Increased renal sodium retention, Urine Na > 40meq/L) • NSAlDs • AKI/CKD • Nephrotic Syndrome Increased Interstitial Oncotic Pressure • Myxedema (Hypothyroid) Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure • Right heart failure • Constrictive pericarditis • Portal hypertension • Pregnancy Decreased Capillary Oncotic Pressure • Nephrotic syndrome • Cirrhosis Increased Capillary Permeability • Inflammation • Sepsis • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Allergies • Burns/Trauma #Edema #anasarca #Generalized #Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes

Black and Bloody Stools - Melena and Hematochezia Melena - Refers to passage of black, tarry (sticky and shiny) stools. Occult blood tests are positive. Involves loss of at least 60 mL of blood into the gastrointestinal tract (less in children), usually from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum and transit time of 7—14 hours. Less commonly, when transit is slow, blood loss originates in the jejunum, ileum, or ascending colon. In infants, melena may result from swallowing blood during the birth. Black, Nonsticky Stools - May result from other causes, with negative occult blood tests. These stools have no pathologic significance. Red Blood in the Stools (hematochezia) - Usually originates in the colon, rectum, or anus; much less frequently from the jejunum or ileum. Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage may also cause red stools; blood loss is then usually large (more than a liter). Rapid transit through the intestinal tract leaves insufficient time for the blood to turn black from oxidation of iron in hemoglobin. #Melena #Hematochezia #Diagnosis #Differential #Causes #GIBleed