The Calgary Guide to Understanding Disease @TheCalgaryGuide
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Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
Diabetic Retinopathy ... -> Cotton-wool spots ... retinal ischemia causes ... #Retinopathy #Diabetes ... #complications
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy ... -> Cotton-wool Spots ... -> Elschnig's Spots ... ophthalmology #diagnosis ... signs #symptoms #complications
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Causes:
 • Large lumbar degenerative disc herniation (central)
 • Severe lumbar spondylosis
 • Neoplasm
Equina Syndrome Causes ... Signs / Symptoms / Complications ... pain (shooting, stabbing ... CaudaEquina #Syndrome #MSK ... pathophysiology #diagnosis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Musculoskeletal Manifestations

 • Immune Complex Deposition
    - Arthralgia, Arthritis
Myopathy (Also caused ... Erythematosus #SLE #MSK ... Musculoskeletal #Complications ... signs #symptoms #diagnosis
Lupus (SLE): Mucocutaneous Manifestations

 • Langerhan cells and keratinocytes release cytokines -> localized inflammatory response ->
exposed areas -> Scaring ... with keratotic scaling ... hair follicles -> causes ... pathophysiology #diagnosis ... signs #symptoms #complications
Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

 • Primary (Idiopathic): Unknown etiology, but associated
autoimmune disorders (diabetes ... a stroke that caused ... pathophysiology #diagnosis ... signs #stages #staging ... #msk
Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI) -> Urinary leakage preceded by a
cystitis, UTI), diabetes ... Incr PVR if a complication ... SUI or UUI not caused ... Symptoms #Urology #Diagnosis
Paget’s Disease: Complications
Abnormal Osteoclasts cause excessive bone turnover -> Incr bone resorption, Incr (abnormal) bone formation

MSK
Paget’s Disease: Complications ... Abnormal Osteoclasts cause ... bone formation MSK ... pathophysiology #diagnosis ... signs #symptoms #complications
Bulimia Nervosa: Signs and Symptoms
Associated Psychological / Behavioural Features
 • Feelings of shame, guilt and embarrassment
Symptoms related to complications ... frequent urination (diabetes ... Russell's Sign • Sores ... , scars, calluses ... pathophysiology #diagnosis
Fracture Healing (and disruptors of this process)
Inflammatory Stage (0-7d)
 • Fracture disrupts local blood vessels ->
Fluoroquinolones - Causes ... #Orthopedics #msk ... #Staging #pathophysiology ... #diagnosis #disruptors