The Calgary Guide to Understanding Disease @TheCalgaryGuide
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Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy ... -> Cotton-wool Spots ... -> Elschnig's Spots ... #Hypertensive #Retinopathy ... ophthalmology #diagnosis
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
Diabetic Retinopathy ... -> Cotton-wool spots ... retinal ischemia causes ... #Diabetic #Retinopathy ... ophthalmology #diagnosis
Xeropthalmia: Pathogenesis and Ocular Manifestations

Decr Visual pigment -> Keratinization, thickening & non-wetting of the conjunctiva
focal melting) -> Retinopathy ... conjunctiva) • Bitot's spots ... ophthalmology #diagnosis
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Causes:
 • Large lumbar degenerative disc herniation (central)
 • Severe lumbar spondylosis
 • Neoplasm
Equina Syndrome Causes ... pain (shooting, stabbing ... CaudaEquina #Syndrome #MSK ... pathophysiology #diagnosis
Meralgia paresthetica: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Compression/injury of Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (LFCN) -> Meralgia paresthetica
 •
sensory • Before diagnosis ... Tingling, Burning, Stinging ... , Stabbing) - ... MeralgiaParesthetica #MSK ... #differential #diagnosis
Low Ankle Sprain: Pathomechanics and Clinical Findings

Grading Ligament Sprains
l: Minimal ligament disruption, mild swelling & tenderness,
LowAnkleSprain #Sports ... #MSK #orthopedics ... Grading #Grades #Diagnosis
Radiculopathy: Signs and Symptoms
 • Back/Neck Pain
 • Decr Range of motion
 • Abnormal posturing
 •
: -> Shooting, stabbing ... Radiculopathy #MSK ... #diagnosis #signs
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Musculoskeletal Manifestations

 • Immune Complex Deposition
    - Arthralgia, Arthritis
Myopathy (Also caused ... Erythematosus #SLE #MSK ... signs #symptoms #diagnosis
Subtrochanteric Femur Fracture: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Subtrochanteric region spans 5 cm distally from the
fractures in elderly Causes ... Femur #Fractures #msk ... #orthopedics #diagnosis ... #differential #causes
Lupus (SLE): Mucocutaneous Manifestations

 • Langerhan cells and keratinocytes release cytokines -> localized inflammatory response ->
exposed areas -> Scaring ... with keratotic scaling ... hair follicles -> causes ... pathophysiology #diagnosis