Malignant Hyperthermia is a very rare, but life-threatening condition that can occur after using certain anesthetic agents such as succinylcholine or other volatile anesthetic drugs. When it does occur, the anesthesiologist must recognize the condition and act quickly to stabilize the patient and save their life. This infographic is intended to help the viewer quickly diagnose this condition and recognize the general steps involved in management, though they may vary between different hospitals' protocols. #anesthesia #anesthesiology #malignant #hyperthermia #diagnosis #management #treatment #algorithm References: What evidence-based interventions are recommended to alleviate hyperthermia associated with Malignant Hyperthermia? (2018). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://www.mhaus.org/healthcare-professionals/mhaus-recommendations/what-evidence-based-interventions-are-recommended-to-alleviate-hyperthermia-associated-with-malignant-hyperthermia/ Schuster, F., Roewer, N., Schneiderbanger, D., & Johannsen, S. (2014). Management of malignant hyperthermia: Diagnosis and treatment. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 355-362. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s47632 Rosenberg, H., Pollock, N., Schiemann, A., Bulger, T., & Stowell, K. (2015). Malignant hyperthermia: A review. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 10(1). doi:10.1186/s13023-015-03101.

A quick infographic on the importance of sun protection and the various results of sun damage on the skin. Additionally, there is a description of the various types of light that can damage the skin with their chemical effects. #sun #damage #UV #ultraviolet #exposure #radiation #wavelengths #causes #diagnosis #dermatology #skin References: 1. Dale Wilson B, Moon S, Armstrong F. Comprehensive review of ultraviolet radiation and the current status on sunscreens. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5(9):18-23. 2. Matsumura Y, Ananthaswamy HN. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004;195(3):298-308. 3. Soter NA. Acute effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Semin Dermatol. 1990;9(1):11-15. 4. Dennis LK, Vanbeek MJ, Beane Freeman LE, Smith BJ, Dawson DV, Coughlin JA. Sunburns and risk of cutaneous melanoma: does age matter? A comprehensive meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol. 2008;18(8):614-627. 5. Fartasch M, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J, Drexler H. The relationship between occupational sun exposure and non-melanoma skin cancer: clinical basics, epidemiology, occupational disease evaluation, and prevention. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2012;109(43):715-720. 6. Oliveria SA, Saraiya M, Geller AC, Heneghan MK, Jorgensen C. Sun exposure and risk of melanoma. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(2):131-138. 7. Linares MA, Zakaria A, Nizran P. Skin Cancer. Prim Care. 2015;42(4):645-659. 8. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7-30. 9. Woodhead AD, Setlow RB, Tanaka M. Environmental factors in nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancer. J Epidemiol. 1999;9(6 Suppl):S102-114. 10. Seebode C, Lehmann J, Emmert S. Photocarcinogenesis and Skin Cancer Prevention Strategies. Anticancer Res. 2016;36(3):1371-1378. 11. Cadet J, Wagner JR. DNA base damage by reactive oxygen species, oxidizing agents, and UV radiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013;5(2). 12. Welsh MM, Karagas MR, Kuriger JK, et al. Genetic determinants of UV-susceptibility in non-melanoma skin cancer. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e20019. 13. Poon F, Kang S, Chien AL. Mechanisms and treatments of photoaging. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2015;31(2):65-74. 14. Porges SB, Kaidbey KH, Grove GL. Quantification of visible light-induced melanogenesis in human skin. Photodermatol. 1988;5(5):197-200. 15. Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Krutmann J. Photoprotection of human skin beyond ultraviolet radiation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2014;30(2-3):167-174. 16. Dong K, Goyarts EC, Pelle E, Trivero J, Pernodet N. Blue light disrupts the circadian rhythm and create damage in skin cells. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2019;41(6):558-562. Be sure to check out LearnSkin's sun protection series here for CME credit: https://www.learnskin.com/series/integrative-approach-to-skin-cancer-and-sun-protection

A quick infographic on various pearls about atopic dermatitis, a disease with an increasing burden on medicine and the patient. Herein, viewers can learn about possible risk factors, management recommendations, treatments, and comorbidities of atopic dermatitis. Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease, affecting greater than 15% of children worldwide. This disease imposes a considerable burden on the physical, mental, and overall well-being of the patient. A combination of dysfunction of the skin barrier, cytokines, chemokines, and receptors in the skin result in the development of AD. #management #medications #treatment #diagnosis #causes #atopy #atopic #dermatitis #eczema #dermatology #skinrash References: Danby SG, Brown K, Wigley AM, et al. The Effect of Water Hardness on Surfactant Deposition after Washing and Subsequent Skin Irritation in Atopic Dermatitis Patients and Healthy Control Subjects. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(1):68-77. Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, David M, Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(4):520-527. Petersen EBM, Skov L, Thyssen JP, Jensen P. Role of the Gut Microbiota in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019;99(1):5-11. Hui RL, Lide W, Chan J, Schottinger J, Yoshinaga M, Millares M. Association between exposure to topical tacrolimus or pimecrolimus and cancers. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43(12):1956-1963. Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Cametti E, Chinellato I, Boner AL. Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and severity of atopic dermatitis in children. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(5):1078-1082. Taheri A, Cantrell J, Feldman SR. Tachyphylaxis to topical glucocorticoids; what is the evidence? Dermatol Online J. 2013;19(7):18954. Mehta AB, Nadkarni NJ, Patil SP, Godse KV, Gautam M, Agarwal S. Topical corticosteroids in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016;82(4):371-378. Okwundu N, Cardwell LA, Cline A, Unrue EL, Richardson IM, Feldman SR. Topical corticosteroids for treatment-resistant atopic dermatitis. Cutis. 2018;102(3):205-209. Hindley D, Galloway G, Murray J, Gardener L. A randomised study of "wet wraps" versus conventional treatment for atopic eczema. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(2):164-168. Sandhu JK, Wu KK, Bui TL, Armstrong AW. Association between atopic dermatitis and suicidality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155(2):178-187. Schmitt J, Buske-Kirschbaum A, Tesch F, et al. Increased attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms in atopic dermatitis are associated with history of antihistamine use. Allergy. 2018;73(3):615-626. Pedersen MS, Benros ME, Agerbo E, et al. Schizophrenia in patients with atopic disorders with particular emphasis on asthma: A Danish population-based study. Schizophr Res. 2012;138(1):58-62. Ascott A, Mulick A, Yu AM, et al. Atopic eczema and major cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(5):1821-1829. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.030

This is a quick overview of hormonal acne treatment for the medical student and resident. Keep in mind the combination oral contraceptives include: Ethinyl Estradiol and Norgestimate Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethindrone Acetate (+ Iron) Ethinyl Estradiol and Drospirenone Ethinyl Estradiol, Drospirenone, and Levomefolate calcium #dermatology #treatment #photo #management #skin #hormonal #acne 1. Bosanac SS, Trivedi M, Clark AK, Sivamani RK, Larsen LN. Progestins and acne vulgaris: a review. Dermatology Online Journal. 2018;24(5). Accessed August 17, 2020. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wm945xf 2. Koo EB, Petersen TD, Kimball AB. Meta-analysis comparing efficacy of antibiotics versus oral contraceptives in acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(3):450-459. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.051 3. Sato K, Matsumoto D, Iizuka F, et al. Anti-androgenic therapy using oral spironolactone for acne vulgaris in Asians. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2006;30(6):689-694. doi:10.1007/s00266-006-0081-0 4. Layton AM, Eady EA, Whitehouse H, Del Rosso JQ, Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ. Oral Spironolactone for Acne Vulgaris in Adult Females: A Hybrid Systematic Review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(2):169-191. doi:10.1007/s40257-016-0245-x 5. Grandhi R, Alikhan A. Spironolactone for the Treatment of Acne: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Dermatology (Basel). 2017;233(2-3):141-144. doi:10.1159/000471799 6. Isvy-Joubert A, Nguyen J-M, Gaultier A, et al. Adult female acne treated with spironolactone: a retrospective data review of 70 cases. Eur J Dermatol. 2017;27(4):393-398. doi:10.1684/ejd.2017.3062 7. Castelo-Branco C, Moyano D, Gómez O, Balasch J. Long-term safety and tolerability of flutamide for the treatment of hirsutism. Fertility and Sterility. 2009;91(4):1183-1188. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.046 8. Bitzer J, Römer T, Lopes da Silva Filho A. The use of cyproterone acetate/ethinyl estradiol in hyperandrogenic skin symptoms - a review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2017;22(3):172-182. doi:10.1080/13625187.2017.1317339 9. Gollnick H, Albring M, Brill K. [The effectiveness of oral cyproterone acetate in combination with ethinylestradiol in acne tarda of the facial type]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 1999;60(3):157-166. 10. Lortscher D, Admani S, Satur N, Eichenfield LF. Hormonal Contraceptives and Acne: A Retrospective Analysis of 2147 Patients. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(6):670-674. 11. Lessner E, Fisher S, Kobraei K, et al. Spironolactone and topical retinoids in adult female cyclical acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(2):126-129.