10 results
Indications for Parathyroidectomy in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • All patients with symptomatic PHPT
 • Serum calcium 1
Parathyroidectomy in Primary Hyperparathyroidism ... with symptomatic PHPT ... • Evidence of renal ... #endocrinology ... #management #Hyperparathyroidism
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Increased magnesium load
 - Magnesium-containing laxatives, antacids, or enemas
 - Treatment of pre-edampsia/eclampsia (mothers
neonates) - Diabetic ... Rhabdomyolysis Increased renal ... absorption - Hyperparathyroidism ... Mineralocorticoid deficiency, adrenal ... insufficiency (Addison's
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal ... failure, Addison's ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Insufficiency Addison's ... Celiac disease, - Hypoparathyroidism ... - Type 1 diabetes ... insufficiency #addisons ... #disease #endocrinology
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary - Over-production
     • Increased turnover of nucleotides
Primary
Endocrine • Hyperparathyroidism ... • Diabetic ... acidosis - Renal ... • Alcohol #gout ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Rule out spurious hyperphosphatemia: paraproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia, liposomal amphotericin
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia ... Framework Rule out ... CKD Increased Renal ... Absorption: • Hypoparathyroidism ... Diagnosis #Framework #Workup
Workup for Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Rule out spurious hypophosphatemia: paraproteinemia, acute leukemia
Measure Urine Fractional Excretion
Workup for Hypophosphatemia ... Framework Rule out ... FEPO4 ≥ 5% - Renal ... Primary or Tertiary hyperparathyroidism ... Diagnosis #Framework #Workup
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... diffusion of K+ out ... patient has good renal ... pathophysiology #endocrinology ... #diabetes
DPP4 Inhibitors - Normal and Renal Dosing

Increase Incretins (GLP-I & GIP) -> Stimulates Insulin, Inhibits Glucagon
Inhibitors - Normal and Renal ... DPP4 inhibitors work ... patients have renal ... Pharmacology #Management #Diabetes ... #DM2 #Endocrinology
Hypermagnesemia - Diagnosis and Management

Hypermagnesemia is a serum magnesium concentration > 2.6 mg/dL.
Symptoms include hyporeflexia, hypotension,
and neonates), Diabetic ... • Increased renal ... magnesium absorption: Hyperparathyroidism ... Mineralocorticoid deficiency, adrenal ... insufficiency (Addison's