8 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... Renal failure, Addison's ... disease, Hyperthyroidism ... Granulomatous diseases ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Increased magnesium load
 - Magnesium-containing laxatives, antacids, or enemas
 - Treatment of pre-edampsia/eclampsia (mothers
neonates) - Diabetic ... absorption - Hyperparathyroidism ... insufficiency (Addison's ... disease) #Hypermagnesemia
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Rule out spurious hyperphosphatemia: paraproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia, liposomal amphotericin
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia ... Framework Rule out ... acidosis, DKA Kidney Disease ... Absorption: • Hypoparathyroidism ... Diagnosis #Framework #Workup
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary - Over-production
     • Increased turnover of nucleotides
Primary
Endocrine • Hyperparathyroidism ... • Diabetic ... • Alcohol #gout ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Insufficiency Addison's ... , - Hypoparathyroidism ... - Type 1 diabetes ... insufficiency #addisons ... #disease #endocrinology
Metformin Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action:
 • Suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver
 • Increases insulin-mediated glucose utilization
mechanisms within the gut ... Chronic kidney disease ... • Severe liver disease ... #Summary #DM2 #diabetes ... #endocrinology
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists - Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action: Stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreas (GLP-1
produced by the gut ... atherosclerotic heart disease ... #Summary #DM2 #diabetes ... #endocrinology
Hypermagnesemia - Diagnosis and Management

Hypermagnesemia is a serum magnesium concentration > 2.6 mg/dL.
Symptoms include hyporeflexia, hypotension,
and neonates), Diabetic ... magnesium absorption: Hyperparathyroidism ... insufficiency (Addison's ... disease) Treatment