26 results
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid 
ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis ... Osmolarity 3) Urine Sodium ... Uric Acid → renal salt ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium #low #uricacid
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells

Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter
Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter
Bartter
syndrome - Na-K-2Cl ... cell epithelial sodium ... of epithelial sodium ... Defects #Kidney #Nephrology ... #Diagnosis #Differential
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
- Differential Diagnosis ... insipidus Excessive salt ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Causes #nephrology ... #sodium #high
Effects of Strokes by Location - Anterior vs Posterior Localization

Anterior Circulation 
 - MCA 
 -
Circulation - MCA ... Territory #Symptoms #Signs ... Localization #Effects #Neurology ... #Diagnosis #Table ... Review in Clinical Neurology
Cerebral Salt Wasting vs SIADH - Pathophysiology 
1) Neurological event
2) Sodium loss from tubules
3) Naturiesis →
Cerebral Salt Wasting ... Neurological event 2) Sodium ... Pathophysiology #diagnosis ... #nephrology #hyponatremia
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Symptoms: • Salt ... PRA • ↓ Serum sodium ... Serum DHEAS Diagnosis ... Administer 250 mcg ... endocrinology #diagnosis
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
osmostat, Cerebral salt ... Hyponatremia #Algorithm #diagnosis ... #sodium #nephrology
Clinical Features and Vascular Territories of Stroke
Anterior circulation—anterior cerebral artery (ACA) - Contralateral leg weakness
Anterior circulation—middle
aphasia (left MCA ... apraxia (right MCA ... without cortical signs ... #Stroke #CVA #Diagnosis ... #Neurology
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
losses, Cerebral salt ... Hyponatremia #algorithm #diagnosis ... #sodium #low #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
- Differential Diagnosis ... Hypervolemic (Excess salt ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium