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management differential neurology algorithm causes hyponatremia rheumatology table hypernatremia hypokalemia pathophysiology syndromes workup alkalosis gitelman hematology low metabolic signs symptoms
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter Bartter
limb Gitelman syndrome ... cell epithelial sodium ... of epithelial sodium ... Defects #Kidney #Nephrology ... #Diagnosis #Differential
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis ... Osmolarity 3) Urine Sodium ... Uric Acid → renal salt ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium #low #uricacid
Mechanisms of nephron damage in cardiorenal syndrome • Increased renal interstitial pressure • Hypoperfusion • Reduced
in cardiorenal syndrome ... hypertrophy • Sodium ... release • ↓ Cl ... #cardiorenal #syndrome ... pathophysiology #nephrology
Algorithm for the Treatment of Uremic Pruritus Nonpharmacologic Treatments: • Daily topical emollient • Avoidance of extremes
Algorithm for the Treatment ... Nonpharmacologic Treatments ... Topical cromolyn sodium ... nalfurafine 2.5 mcg ... #management #nephrology
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... osmostat, Cerebral salt ... Hyponatremia #Algorithm #diagnosis ... #sodium #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome ... autosomal recessive salt-losing ... thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride ... Pathophysiology #nephrology ... #diagnosis
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
- Differential Diagnosis ... Hypervolemic (Excess salt ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
- Differential Diagnosis ... insipidus Excessive salt ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Causes #nephrology ... #sodium #high
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses •
losses, Cerebral salt ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... Hyponatremia #algorithm #diagnosis ... #sodium #low #nephrology
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis ... Always start with ... demyelination syndrome ... in 100 mL boluses ... #nephrology #sodium
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