3089 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... increased bone Ca2+ resorption ... increased GI Ca2+ absorption ... #Causes #differential
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Increased magnesium load
 - Magnesium-containing laxatives, antacids, or enemas
 - Treatment of pre-edampsia/eclampsia (mothers
Causes of Hypermagnesemia ... renal magnesium absorption ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Hypermagnesemia #Causes
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis
Decreased calcium absorption
 • Vitamin D deficiency
    -
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... Decreased calcium absorption ... Decreased intestinal absorption ... Rhabdomyolysis #Hypocalcemia ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Hypermagnesemia - Diagnosis and Management

Hypermagnesemia is a serum magnesium concentration > 2.6 mg/dL.
Symptoms include hyporeflexia, hypotension,
mortality in ICU Causes ... renal magnesium absorption ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... helpful in severe cases
Electrolyte Repletion

Significant electrolyte depletion can result in serious complications. These guidelines are meant to assist with
alterations in absorption ... mechanisms can all cause ... the underlying cause ... #hyponatremia #hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
Hypercalcemia of ... intestinal calcium absorption ... and stimulates resorption ... kidney, Stimulates resorption ... @kdjhaveri #Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
Hypercalcemia - ... Tract: ↑ Ca2+ absorption ... , ↑ PO4- absorption ... Tract: ↓ Ca2+ absorption ... +, ↓ PO4- #Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia ... ↑ intestinal absorption ... ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↑ tubular reabsorption ... ↓↓ tubular reabsorption
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... - Calcium Reabsorption ... Thiazides/Lithium #Hypercalcemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Differential Diagnosis of Hypo and Hypercalcemia #Diagnosis #EM #IM #Differential #Calcium #Hypocalcemia #Hypercalemia #Ddxof
Diagnosis of Hypo and Hypercalcemia ... Differential #Calcium #Hypocalcemia ... #Hypercalemia #