23 results
Metformin Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action:
 • Suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver
 • Increases insulin-mediated glucose utilization
Metformin Pharmacology ... agent • Does not cause ... Contraindications: • Chronic kidney ... #Pharmacology # ... DM2 #diabetes #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... breast, lung, renal ... lung cancer • Renal ... Pheochromocytoma Chronic kidney ... #endocrinology
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
aldosterone Causes ... : Most Common Causes ... Lung cancer • Renal ... insufficiency #addisons ... #disease #endocrinology
Metformin: Biguanide
Metformin is the first-line medication for treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is very effective
Metformin: Biguanide ... Metformin is the ... medication for treatment ... attention to patients renal ... #Pharmacology #
SGLT2 Inhibitors 
SGLT2 inhibitors are the newest class of anti-diabetic medications, with the first one (Canagliflozin)
in the nephron (kidney ... ), which causes ... combo product with metformin ... SGLT2 #Inhibitors #Pharmacology ... DM2 #Diabetes #Endocrinology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
differentiating kidney ... wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal ... causes • Laxative ... Non-reabsorbable anions
Vancomycin Associated Acute Kidney Injury

 • Drug induced acute kidney injury is generally defined as a
Associated Acute Kidney ... induced acute kidney ... particularly underlying renal ... • Treatment includes ... Vancomycin #AKI #pharmacology
Short Stature - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Normal Variant, Normal Puberty Onset (BA = CA)
 • Familial Short
• Congenital Adrenal ... Panhypopituitarism Treatment ... Celiac, IBD) • Renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #causes #pediatrics
DPP4 Inhibitors - Normal and Renal Dosing

Increase Incretins (GLP-I & GIP) -> Stimulates Insulin, Inhibits Glucagon
Inhibitors - Normal and Renal ... patients have renal ... double check the kidney ... DPP4 #Inhibitors #Renal ... #Dosing #Pharmacology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... stones caused by ... Inhibitors of Renal ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... #Diuretics #Renal