10 results
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
GI losses / Insensible losses
Sodium Overload
Transcellular Movement of Water
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Water Central Diabetes ... disorders Nephrogenic Diabetes ... Various renal diseases ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Metformin Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action:
 • Suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver
 • Increases insulin-mediated glucose utilization
Metformin Pharmacology Summary ... agent • Does not cause ... Chronic kidney disease ... • Severe liver disease ... #DM2 #diabetes
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists - Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action: Stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreas (GLP-1
- Pharmacology Summary ... Ozempic), or daily tablet ... atherosclerotic heart disease ... not definitively cause ... #DM2 #diabetes
DPP-4 Inhibitors - Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action: Inhibits DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4), which normally inactivates GLP-1
- Pharmacology Summary ... Januvia) - Once/day tablet ... not definitively cause ... #Pharmacology #Summary ... #DM2 #diabetes
Shock - Differential Diagnosis by Classification
Reflex Syncope 
 - Vasovagal syncope
   • Prolonged standing
bradycardia • Sinus pauses ... • Parkinson’s disease ... • Diabetes ... Classification #Table ... #Causes
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
• Nephrogenic diabetes ... Kidney stones caused ... Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes ... DDAVP) • Central diabetes ... #Medications #Table
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
ABG And BMP Normal ... mmHg • HCO3 (on BMP ... Ketoacidosis (starvation, diabetic ... restrictive lung disease ... Interpretation #Diagnosis #Summary
Summary of characteristic abnormalities of selected glomerular diseases
Light Microscopy (LM) - Immunofluorescence Microscopy (IM) - Electron
Summary of characteristic ... selected glomerular diseases ... Minimal change disease ... glomerulosclerosis • Diabetic ... pathology #comparison #table
Pheochromocytoma - Diagnosis and Management Summary
10 percent rule = 10% of pheochromocytomas are extra-adrenal, multiple, bilateral,
and Management Summary ... malignant, pediatric cases ... apparent type 2 diabetes ... Treatment • Operable disease
Bulimia Nervosa: Signs and Symptoms
Associated Psychological / Behavioural Features
 • Feelings of shame, guilt and embarrassment
erosion and gum disease ... frequent urination (diabetes ... amenorrhea, Normal BMI ... Sores, scars, calluses