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Atrial Fibrillation - Diagnosis, Causes, Presentations
Causes (PIRATES):
 - Pulmonary embolism 
 - Ischemia (cardiac) 
 -
Atrial Fibrillation ... - Ischemia (cardiac ... withdrawal ("holiday heart ... #Fibrillation #AFib ... PIRATES #Emergency #Cardiology
Causes of Atrial Fibrillation

Heart disease 
 - Aging heart 
 - Cardiomyopathies 
 - Congestive heart
Causes of Atrial ... Abnormalities in cardiac ... Sleep apnea #Atrial ... #Fibrillation #AFib ... #Cardiology #Pathophysiology
Atrial Fibrillation Overview

Symptoms:
Palpitations, light-headedness, dizziness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, chest pain, near-syncope, syncope.

1. Why?
Cardiac:
• Valvular heart disease
•
Cardiac: • Valvular ... heart disease ... • Structural heart ... #Fibrillation #Cardiology ... #Management #Algorithm
Digoxin effect on Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside from the foxglove leaf
Mechanism
 - Inhibits Na-K
Digoxin is a cardiac ... nodal conduction Uses ... and atrial flutter ... rate control) - Heart ... #Cardiology #Digitalis
TOPCAT - Spironolactone for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1383-1392 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1313731

CONCLUSIONS:
ejection fraction, treatment ... cardiovascular causes ... , aborted cardiac ... hospitalization for the management ... #HFpEF #dCHF #Cardiology
Pericardial Tamponade
Beck's Triad 
1. Hypotension 
2. Jugular venous distension 
3. Muffled heart sounds 
Patient will be
Muffled heart sounds ... will show muffled heart ... collapse of RV - Treatment ... #Pericardial #Cardiac ... #Diagnosis #Cardiology
2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A
Guideline for the Management ... American College of Cardiology ... Task Force on Clinical ... #HeartFailure #Management ... #treatment #algorithm
Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib) Summary

Symptoms:
• Palpitations, light-headedness, dizziness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, chest pain, near-syncope, syncope.

Why?
Cardiac:
	• Valvular heart
Cardiac: • Valvular ... heart disease ... • Structural heart ... #diagnosis #management ... #cardiology
Palpitations - Differential Diagnosis Framework

What?
• It is an unpleasant awareness or sensation that the heart is
exam • 12-lead ECG ... muscle twitching CARDIAC ... Nonarrhythmic Cardiac ... /Afib/WPW) • Loss ... #Palpitations #Cardiology
Myocarditis
Diagnosis 
• Endomyocardial biopsy (gold standard, rarely performed) 
• Clinical presentation 
• Cardiovascular MRI 
Clinical 
•
performed) • Clinical ... gallop • Abnormal ECG ... shock, sudden cardiac ... death Management ... #Cardiology