44 results
Hypocalcemia Laboratory Evaluation

Serum levels of PTH, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate between
dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate ... Hypoparathyroidism - Calcium-sensing ... Chronic kidney disease ... Hyperparathyroidism #Diagnosis #Endocrinology ... #Differential
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium ... Hyperparathyroidism: ↑PTH, ↓→Calcium ... Symptoms: Commonly no signs ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
failure, Addison's disease ... Granulomatous diseases ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Growth Hormone Excess - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Acromegaly and gigantism share the same pathophysiology
overgrowth: • Carpal ... Cardiovascular disease ... Overproduction #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Spondylosis - Pathogenesis and Complications

Vertebral disease that may compress the vertebral canal from all sides
Note: Do
Complications Vertebral disease ... the vertebral canal ... #Spondylosis #pathophysiology ... #msk #complications
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - Differential ... Granulomatous Disease ... Bony Mets - Calcium ... Hypercalcemia #Differential ... Algorithm #causes #endocrinology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
activates lipolysis Signs ... expansion (e.g. carpal ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia - Differential ... Autosomal Dominant Calcium ... Other • Excess Calcium ... Hypercalcemia #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Hepatobiliary Disease ... Chronic Kidney Disease ... #Hypocalcemia #Differential ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Joint Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Monoarthritis
 • Septic
 • Crystalline
     - Gout
Joint Disorders - Differential ... “Pseudogout” - Calcium ... Inflammatory Bowel Disease ... Joint #Disorders #msk ... #Differential #