9 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... )-alkali syndrome ... #differential # ... diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Growth Hormone Excess - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Acromegaly and gigantism share the same pathophysiology
• Other rare causes ... overgrowth: • Carpal ... Tunnel Syndrome ... Cardiovascular disease ... #symptoms #endocrinology
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
Kidney Injury - AKI Workup ... ultrasonography, serum calcium ... osmolarity If cause ... clinical context and signs ... #Injury #AKI #Workup
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Hypertension - Workup ... and Differential ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... Renal parenchymal disease ... #causes #Differential
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
low circulating calcium ... levels Autoimmune disease ... Malabsorption syndrome ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Acromegaly - Diagnosis and Management Summary - GrepMed Handbook 

Clinical Presentation: 
 • Classic Acromegaly: frontal
paresthesias (carpal ... Differential Diagnosis ... Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome ... Diagnosis and Workup ... Diagnosis #Management #Endocrinology
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) - Summary

PBC Epidemiology:
 • Female:Male 9:1
 • Common European descent
 • Age:
65 years PBC Pathophysiology ... intralobular bile ducts causes ... failure PBC Signs ... bile ducts Differential ... cholangitis #diagnosis #workup
Causes of Cystic Renal Mass - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Benign - Anechoic on ultrasound, Well-demarcated on ultrasound/CT,
Causes of Cystic ... Renal Mass - Differential ... Polycystic Kidney Disease ... Hippel-Lindau Syndrome ... Carcinoma - No signs