14 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
failure, Addison's disease ... Granulomatous diseases ... )-alkali syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Rheumatoid Arthritis Summary
MCP and PIP Involvement, Spares DIP, Carpal Tunnel, Sicca Syndrome, Epi/Scleritis, Heart Disease, Rheumatoid
Involvement, Spares DIP, Carpal ... Tunnel, Sicca Syndrome ... Scleritis, Heart Disease ... (RA + Neutropenia ... #rheumatology #signs
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... Activation: Liver disease ... , Kidney Disease ... - Calcium Sequestration ... Diagnosis #Management #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... Hepatobiliary Disease ... Chronic Kidney Disease ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... Hyperthyroidism • Paget's disease ... Chronic kidney disease ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... #Causes #endocrinology
Growth Hormone Excess - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Acromegaly and gigantism share the same pathophysiology
overgrowth: • Carpal ... Tunnel Syndrome ... Cardiovascular disease ... Overproduction #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms #endocrinology
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome ... Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... WBC >100k, + lab signs ... : • Pathophysiology ... hydration - Hyperkalemia
Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
• Primary Sjögren's is a solitary process whereas secondary Sjögren's
other autoimmune diseases ... with systemic diseases ... rheumatoid arthritis (RA ... #Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis #Signs
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Pathogenesis and Joint diseases features
 • RA affects 1% of population, women >
Pathogenesis and Joint diseases ... boggy" joints, esp carpal ... Extra-articular signs ... #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
low circulating calcium ... levels Autoimmune disease ... Malabsorption syndrome ... removal Renal disease ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology