13 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... resorption: • Primary ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary ... Comparison: • Primary ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #PTH #Primary # ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Infographic depicting the main pearls of various types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia for the medical student.
CAH #algorithm #causes ... #pediatrics #CongenitalAdrenalHyperplasia ... treatment #Peds #Endocrinology ... #Adrenal #pathophysiology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
or normal): • Primary ... Bony Mets - Calcium ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #endocrinology
Calcium homeostasis is a process controlled by chiefly by hormones vitamin D and PTH. 
Vitamin D
Calcium homeostasis ... It is regulated primarily ... by serum calcium ... #Pathophysiology ... #Endocrinology
Hypercalcemia Evaluation
1) Clinical clues
 - Is the patient symptomatic?
 - Family history?
 - Have you done
Evaluation 1) Clinical clues ... → Primary hyperapara ... → Primary hyperpara ... differential #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #calcium #elevated
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... structure-related • Primary ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... #endocrinology
Short Stature - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Normal Variant, Normal Puberty Onset (BA = CA)
 • Familial Short
Deprivation • Primary ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #causes #pediatrics
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (21-OHD): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Autosomal recessive mutation in CYP21A2 coding for the enzyme 21-OHase
enzyme 21-OHase causes ... #21HydroxylaseDeficiency #21OHD #pathophysiology ... #genetics #endocrinology ... #peds #pediatrics
Low Alkaline Phosphatase - Hypophosphatasia 

Is Low Alkaline Phosphatase Of Clinical Importance?

ALP enzyme- Discovered in 1923
Low
Most cases diagnosed ... collection with EDTA Pathophysiology ... ALP -> PPi and Calcium ... Phosphatase: • Other causes ... • Elevation of urinary