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diagnosis nephrology differential algorithm potassium hyperkalemia hyponatremia sodium table diuresis diuretics excretion gitelman hematology hypotonic intercellularshift leukostasis lysis medications pathophysiology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
patients with hypokalemia ... • Cell shift: Hypokalemic ... ↓ Aldosterone: Cushing ... #hypokalemia ... algorithm #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Carbenoxolone, SAME, Cushing ... @priti899 #Hypokalemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal causes ... consumption • Low ... differential #potassium #nephrology ... #low
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Weakness, cramping ... delivery): CHF, cirrhosis ... only if no clear cause ... acidosis) • Low ... Treatment #potassium #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... algorithm Urine Na+K ... Present (Uosm ≥100): Hypovolemia ... Heart failure, Cirrhosis ... , Nephrotic syndrome
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
irrigation • Management ... Inhibitors of Na+K+ ... Kidney stones caused ... Epithelial Channels (K+ ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
Inherited (AR) hypokalemic ... abuse • Salt craving ... alkalosis • Normal or low ... #diagnosis #nephrology ... #management #pathophysiology
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
high WBC count cause ... values: Elevated K, ... , Elevated Cr, Low ... hydration - Hyperkalemia ... TLS #diagnosis #management
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Intercellular Shift - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift - Appropriate renal excretion (GFR,
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... , TTKG, distal flow ... Tumor Lysis Syndrome ... Decreased Na+-K+ ... IntercellularShift #Nephrology
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
Hyponatremia: • Hypovolemia ... Failure, Liver Cirrhosis ... , Nephrotic Syndrome ... Algorithm #diagnosis #causes ... #low
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