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Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome

Step 1: If the patient has hematuria and/or proteinuria, think about nephrotic/nephritic syndromes.
Step
Nephritic vs Nephrotic ... /nephritic syndromes ... hematuria (RBC casts ... #Nephritic #Nephrotic ... Syndrome #Comparison #Algorithm
Differentiation Between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome 
== Nephrotic Syndrome ==
Onset - Insidious 
Edema - ++++
Blood
Syndrome and Nephritic ... Syndrome == Nephrotic ... Red blood cell casts ... Red blood cell casts ... #Comparison #Table
Algorithmic Approach to Acute Interstitial Nephritis
When to suspect AIN? (not sensitive)
 • AKI, AKD, rapidly progressive
Algorithmic Approach ... to Acute Interstitial ... Nephritis When ... sterile pyuria, WBC casts ... proteinuria, granular casts
Differential diagnosis on HRCT
Most of our knowledge about imaging findings in interstitial lung disease comes from
imaging findings in interstitial ... low attenuation (table ... whether there is interstitial ... When the cysts have ... seen and in many cases
Urine Microscopy - Casts
Acellular Casts
 • Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
Urine Microscopy - Casts ... Acellular Casts ... • Hyaline Casts ... suggestive of nephrotic ... suggestive of interstitial
Low Attenuation pattern 
1. Lymphangiomyomatosis (LAM): uniform cysts in woman of child-bearing age; no history of
Low Attenuation pattern ... (LAM): uniform cysts ... bizarre shaped cysts ... LowAttenuation #Cystic #Pattern ... #Comparison #Table
Low Attenuation pattern (2) 
1. Centrilobular emphysema: low attenuation areas without walls. Notice the centrilobular artery
Low Attenuation pattern ... multiple thick walled cysts ... (LAM): regular cysts ... LowAttenuation #Cystic #Pattern ... #Comparison #Table
Acute Kidney Injury - Differential Diagnosis Framework
PRERENAL:
 - Intrarenal vasoconstriction-hemodynamically mediated
 - Systemic vasodilation
 - Volume
proteinuria on UA) - Interstitial ... white blood cell casts ... renal tubular cell casts ... or pigmented casts ... Management: Avoiding nephrotoxic
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Acute increase
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Epithelial cell casts ... Obstruction • Cast ... polyangiitis) Acute Interstitial ... Nephritis • Drugs
Causes of Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Red blood cells on urine microscopy. Must exclude false positives
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... • Neoplasm/Cyst ... RBCs and/or RBC casts ... • Hereditary nephritis ... and >3.5g/day (nephrotic