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Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... thiazide-like diuretics ... Postobstructive diuresis ... , Osmotic diuresis ... #Hypokalemia #Causes
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... concentrating defect: • Diuretics ... • Osmotic diuresis ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism Decreased GI Uptake - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
Loop and thiazide diuretics ... Hypokalemia - Osmotic diuresis ... Post-obstructive diuresis ... Classification #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Solute Diuresis • Na intake/saline • Glucosuria: Hyperglycemia, SGLT-2 inhibitors • Urea: Exogenous
Diagnosis Solute Diuresis ... Mannitol use Water Diuresis ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Diuretics and Agents ... Symport (Loop Diuretics ... Kidney stones caused ... hyponatremia #Diuretics ... Renal #Excretion #Diuresis
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Urine Output > 3L /day Water Diuresis (Urine Osm <100 mOsm/kg) • Primary
3L /day Water Diuresis ... Insipidus Mixed Diuresis ... Failure Solute Diuresis ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift • Recovery From DKA • Refeeding Syndrome • Acute Respiratory
Syndrome • Osmotic Diuresis ... Acetazolamide and Thiazide Diuretics ... endocrinology #causes
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Excess Intake of Water: • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia") •
Causes of Polyuria ... a.k.a. osmotic diuresis ... : Conventional diuretics ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Causes of Hypomagnesemia Redistribution: - IV glucose - Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis - IV hyperalimentation - Refeeding
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... Saline or osmotic diuresis ... Drugs: - Loop diuretics ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes
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