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diagnosis differential nephrology causes management algorithm treatment medications table workup endocrinology hypernatremia hyponatremia nephron pathophysiology polyuria rheumatology syndromes action acute
Diuretics sites of action on the nephron 1) Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) 2) Osmotic diuretics (e.g. mannitol) 3) Loop
(e.g. mannitol) ... (e.g. furosemide ... (e.g. ... (e.g. spironolactone ... #pharmacology #
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings Causes of Hypercalcemia • Malignancy • Milk-alkali syndrome • Vitamin D toxicity •
Hypercalcemia - EKG ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... disease • Thiazide diuretics ... Hypercalcemia #EKG ... #ECG #Electrocardiogram
Nephron Pathophysiology - Diuretic Sites of Action Diuretics 1) Acetazolamide/canagliflozin 2) Osmotic agents (mannitol, urearetics) 3) Loop agents (eg, furosemide) 4)
Pathophysiology - Diuretic ... Sites of Action Diuretics ... ) Loop agents (eg ... Sites #Action #nephrology ... #pharmacology
Hormones Acting on the Nephron - Diuretics and Their Site of Action 1) Acetazolamide 2) Osmotic
(e.g. mannitol) ... (e.g. furosemide ... 4) Thiazides (e.g ... Potassium-sparing (e.g ... Pathophysiology #Nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome ... and nephrotic syndrome ... and nephrotic syndrome ... disease • Liddle syndrome ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
• Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... osmotic (solute) diuresis ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome ... Pain/Post-op • Neurologic ... especially thiazide diuretics ... • Nephrotic syndrome ... Uosm < 100 mmol/kg
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome ... Pain/Post-op • Neurologic ... especially thiazide diuretics ... • Nephrotic syndrome ... Uosm < 100 mmol/kg
Medications causing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Prerenal: • Dehydration: Diuretics • Altered intrarenal autoregulation: ACEIs / ARBs,
• Dehydration: Diuretics ... calcineurin inhibitors (e.g ... Sympathomimetics (e.g ... anticholinergic effects (e.g ... Medications #Drugs #pharmacology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Differential Diagnosis ECF ... Thiazide or loop diuretics ... after renal tubule diuretic ... Thiazide or loop diuretics ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
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