9 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary ... Comparison: • Primary ... easily/weakness, Bone ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Calcium homeostasis is a process controlled by chiefly by hormones vitamin D and PTH. 
Vitamin D
Vitamin D enters ... and stimulating bone ... It is regulated primarily ... #Pathophysiology ... #Endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
or normal): • Primary ... Cholecalciferol - Excess Vitamin ... Miscellaneous - Bone ... Hyperthyroid, Bony ... Algorithm #causes #endocrinology
Tweetorial - How does diabetes mellitus (DM) lead to an increased risk of infection? 

By Dr.
Tony Breu @tony_breu ... #DiabetesMellitus ... Risk #Tweetorial #Endocrinology ... #DM #Pathophysiology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
due to increased bone ... resorption: • Primary ... due to decreased urinary ... alkali syndrome • Vitamin ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
structure-related • Primary ... D) Increased bone ... Paget's disease of bone ... Multiple myeloma (bone ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #endocrinology
Rachitic Rosary of Rickets on Physical Exam

Bead-like prominences of bone are seen at the costochondral joints.
prominences of bone ... PhysicalExam #clinical #video ... #chest #Ribs #VitaminD ... #deficiency #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Diagnosis Algorithm Primary ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone ... Lymphomas) Metastatic Bone ... Disease Vitamin ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Low Alkaline Phosphatase - Hypophosphatasia 

Is Low Alkaline Phosphatase Of Clinical Importance?

ALP enzyme- Discovered in 1923
Low
synthesized in: liver, bone ... : Inhibitor of bone ... deficiency • Vitamin ... collection with EDTA Pathophysiology ... • Elevation of urinary