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Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup

NAGMA
- Chem, ABG or VBG
- Calculate Anion
Framework and Workup ... insufficiency (GFR ... Differential #Diagnosis #Workup
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
esp w oliguria / GFR ... reabsorption) Workup ... Labs: BMP (Assess GFR ... status to improve GFR ... sufficient if intact GFR
The GFR Clock for Staging CKD

Staging CKD is most frequently done by calculating the estimated glomerular
The GFR Clock for ... function rate (eGFR ... calculating the eGFR ... Using the GFR clock ... #Nephro #CKD #EGFR
Interpreting Kidney Biomarkers

↑ Creatinine: 
 • AKI, CKD
 • Medications that lead to nephroprotective ↓ in
nephroprotective ↓ in GFR ... hyperthyroidism ↓ eGFR
Regulation of GFR
Physiologically, GFR is auto-regulated very precisely with changes in the mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Regulation of GFR ... Physiologically, GFR ... Pathophysiology #Nephrology #GFR
To improve the usefulness of the serum creatinine concentration as a marker of kidney function, prediction
accurately predict GFR ... overestimation of GFR ... used to estimate GFR ... CockcroftGault #EGFR
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Definitions of AKI, CKD, AKD
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI):
 • Increase in SCr by 2 50% within
Disease (CKD): • GFR ... • AKI, OR • GFR ... • Decrease in GFR ... Disease (NKD): • GFR
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Rule out spurious hyperphosphatemia: paraproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia, liposomal amphotericin
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia ... Hypoparathyroidism, Acromegaly, FGFR ... Diagnosis #Framework #Workup
Fatality / Mortality Calculations in an Outbreak
There are a number of different types of rates, risks,
fatality rate (CFR ... Infection-fatality risk (IFR ... fatality risk (HFR
Complications of CKD
 - Patients with stages 1-3 ([GFR] >30 mL/min) of CKD are generally asymptomatic;
with stages 1-3 ([GFR ... CKD stages 4-5 (GFR