47 results
Clues to Differential Diagnosis of Central Cyanosis: Onset of cyanosis, Clubbing, Secondary erythrocytosis, Auscultation, X-ray, Echocardiography,
Clues to Differential ... Cyanotic heart defect ... Central #Cardiology #Causes ... #Table #Comparison
Tachycardia - Differential Diagnosis Table - Wide vs Narrow, Regular vs Irregular

Regular Rhythm - Narrow Complex
Differential Diagnosis Table ... whether AF is cause ... /effect • Tx: ... Underlying cause ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table
Shock - Differential Diagnosis by Classification
Reflex Syncope 
 - Vasovagal syncope
   • Prolonged standing
bradycardia • Sinus pauses ... Medication side effect ... Medication side effect ... Classification #Table ... #Causes
NSAID vs ACEI/ARB effects on the Kidneys

Remember that NSAIDs and ACEI/ARB therapy have opposing effects on
NSAID vs ACEI/ARB effects ... have opposing effects ... NSAIDs cause vasoconstriction ... use shouldn't cause ... Nephrology #Renal #Pathophysiology
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect
Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
 • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
Mechanism and Side-effect ... anticholinergic effect ... • Neurologic effect ... -> Nausea, vomiting ... #SideEffects #Pathophysiology
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists - Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action: Stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreas (GLP-1
Ozempic), or daily tablet ... Toxicities: • Gl side effects ... e.g. diarrhea, nausea ... not definitively cause ... /effect) • May
DPP-4 Inhibitors - Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action: Inhibits DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4), which normally inactivates GLP-1
Januvia) - Once/day tablet ... Onglyza) - Once/day tablet ... failure Common Side Effects ... not definitively cause ... /effect) • Saxagliptin
Common Vasopressors and Inotropes
Norepinephrine (NE)
 - Indication: Distributive shock (1st line for septic shock), Cardiogenic shock
mild ↑CO) - Side effects ... with HCM) - Side effects ... Bradyarrhythmias, Some cases ... shock - Side effects ... Inotropes #comparison #table
Drug-Induced Edema
Drug-induced edema is caused by many drugs & can coincide with or worsen pre-existing peripheral
Drug-induced edema is caused ... a very potent effect ... Edema #Medication #Causes ... #Pharmacology #Pathophysiology
The Effect of Zinc on the Enteral Absorption of Copper. Panel A shows how copper (Cu)
The Effect of Zinc ... prevent toxic effects ... how zinc (Zn) causes ... #Pathophysiology