93 results
Causes of False Elevation and Reduction in HbA1c

== False Elevation ==
Decreased RBC turnover 
• Iron, B-12,
Causes of False ... and Reduction in HbA1c ... Elevation == Decreased ... Elevation #Reduction #HbA1c ... #Increase #Decrease
Diastolic Dysfunction Grading - Echocardiography
Grade 0  (Normal):
 • E/A >0.8, e’ > 8 cm/s, E/e’
Impaired Relaxation & Decreased ... Compliance • Mild Decrease ... Relaxation Speed - POCUS ... grades #diagnosis #cardiology ... #POCUS
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure
Pathophysiology:
Chronic heart failure leads to an increase in inflammatory cytokines → Inflammation
→ Inflammation causes ... ferroportin → Decreased ... ferroportin leads to decreased ... endpoint of all-cause ... diagnosis #management #cardiology
Echocardiographic Findings of Acute Right Ventricular Strain
 - Increased RV:LV Size Ratio
 - Abnormal Septal Motion
TAPSE - Decreased ... Speckle Tracking: Decreased ... Echocardiogram #POCUS ... #Ventricular #cardiology ... #POCUS
Kussmaul's Sign - Differential Diagnosis

Typically the JVP decreases with inspiration as the negative intrathoracic pressure "sucks
Typically the JVP decreases ... there is a lack of decrease ... or increase in ... physicalexam #diagnosis #cardiology ... #differential #causes
Digoxin effect on Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside from the foxglove leaf
Mechanism
 - Inhibits Na-K
Na-K ATPase -> increase ... extracellular K -> increase ... contractility - Decreases ... nodal conduction Uses ... Electrocardiogram #EKG #Cardiology
Traditionally, congestive heart failure has been classified according to severity of symptoms, first formulated by the
Association, which is classes ... prolong life and decrease ... flare ups that cause ... #Diagnosis #Cardiology ... Classification #Stages #Classes
Ruptured Chordae Tendineae on POCUS Echocardiogram
 
Many underlying causes, not limited to: MVP, subacute endocarditis, connective
Chordae Tendineae on POCUS ... Many underlying causes ... Chordae #Tendineae #POCUS ... Ultrasound #Clinical #Cardiology
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology
1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
cell and sodium increase ... This increase of ... intracellular calcium causes ... of the heart - Decreased ... Pathophysiology #cardiology
Medications Used in Congestive Heart Failure

In CHF, the heart is failing as a pump; cardiac output
CHF also causes ... are designed to increase ... #HeartFailure #Cardiology