65 results
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
Urine Na < 20: Heart ... failure, Cirrhosis ... Na > 30: Renal failure ... algorithm #diagnosis #sodium ... #low #nephrology
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
: Hypovolemia, Heart ... failure, Cirrhosis ... Algorithm #diagnosis #sodium ... #nephrology
General approach to AKI - Checklist

Urine electrolytes & FENa - Previously, it was believed that urine
believed that urine sodium ... fractional excretion of sodium ... intrinsic renal failure ... AcuteKidneyInjury #Nephrology
Renal Failure Prognosis - The eGFR and proteinuria offers a general prognosis as demonstrated in the
Renal Failure Prognosis ... demonstrated in the Heat ... Heatmap #Diagnosis #Nephrology
Myocarditis
Diagnosis 
• Endomyocardial biopsy (gold standard, rarely performed) 
• Clinical presentation 
• Cardiovascular MRI 
Clinical 
•
performed) • Clinical ... Cardiovascular MRI Clinical ... Abnormal ECG, echocardiogram ... failure • Elevated ... failure therapy
Pharmacokinetics of commonly used diuretics medications in CKD, Cirrhotic Ascites, and Heart Failure
 • Furosemide
 •
Cirrhotic Ascites, and Heart ... Failure • Furosemide ... Spironolactone MCW Nephrology
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
• Renal Failure ... Hypervolemic - Heart ... failure, liver ... failure, nephrotic ... Algorithm #causes #nephrology
Myxedema Heart on Echocardiogram
52F with weeks of shortness of breath, pedal edema and constipation.  Exam
Myxedema Heart on ... Echocardiogram ... failure and echo ... #Echocardiogram ... #clinical #cardiology
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
Repeat the sodium ... CHF • liver failure ... syndrome • renal failure ... Workup #Algorithm #Nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Pain/Post-op • Neurologic ... • Congestive heart ... failure • Cirrhosis ... #Hyponatremia #Nephrology