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diagnosis management differential clinical algorithm causes nephrology treatment pharmacology cardiology pocus pulmonary pathophysiology video criticalcare physicalexam radiology table neurology gastroenterology
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
water Extrarenal hypotonic ... salt intake: • Hypertonic ... nephrology #sodium #high
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
radiocontrast, hypertonic ... Differential #Diagnosis #High ... #Potassium #Classification
Goals and limits for treatment of Hyponatremia Stratified by duration and risk of Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome
Syndrome (ODS) Acute Hypotonic ... mL boluses of hypertonic ... time, followed by hypertonic ... Otherwise, hypertonic ... normalization Chronic Hypotonic
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm Decreased renal potassium excretion • Acute renal failure • Chronic renal failure • Drugs Increased
Decreased renal potassium ... Drugs Increased potassium ... (oral/iv) • Potassium-rich ... Normal, Renin High ... hypoplasia Aldosterone high
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Hyponatremia Algorithm Hypertonic ... Urologic irrigants Hypotonic
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis - Illness Script • Epidemiology: Asian men age 20-30 with hyperthyroidism of any
exercise, fasting, high-carb ... - low TSH with high ... fT4 or high T3 ... • Treatment: Potassium ... hyperthyroidism, Potassium
Management of Pediatric Kidney Stones Acute Managment: • Pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids • Facilitating passage of stone:
ALL patients - High ... measures fail - Potassium ... oxalate food - Potassium ... alkalinisation: potassium ... alkalinization: potassium
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min) Osmotic
administration Hypertonic ... Primary polydipsia Hypotonic
Checklist Approach to Hypokalemia Consider risk factors for arrhythmia: - EKG changes (especially QT prolongation) - Digoxin
safely, whereas potassium ... Consider target potassium ... Enteral potassium ... function & estimated potassiurn ... Intravenous potassium
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia: • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample! • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
TTKG should be high ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #high #pathophysiology
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